What's for dinner?...Dirt.

Think about people compelled to eat strange disturbing things such as dirt, chalk, metal etc. This concept is undoubtedly intriguing. These symptoms spawn from a rare condition called Pica. Pica is a medical disorder characterized by an appetite for non-nutritive items or also things considered not to be edible on their own, such as raw rice, flour, and other food ingredients or raw food items. The word pica comes from the Latin word for magpie, a bird known for its large and indiscriminate appetite. This disorder effects more people than you would think. In fact, according to kidshealth.org, 25-30% of children are diagnosed with it. Although many young children explore their world through putting foreign objects in their mouths, children affected by pica have cravings that persist and often lead to a need for professional help. Some other people that are commonly affected by Pica include pregnant women and people with developmental disabilities.
http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/pica.html
The kinds of items consumed by people suffering from Pica cover a great range including dirt, clay, paint chips, plaster, chalk, cornstarch, laundry starch, baking soda, coffee grounds, cigarette ashes, burnt match heads, cigarette butts, soap, ice, glue, hair, buttons, paper, sand, toothpaste, and even feces.



(Pictured here are the contents of someone’s stomach who suffered from Pica. You can see a great variety of items including metal nails, beads, and stones.)

One can readily assume the kinds of health risks that consuming non-food items can pose. One could accidentally consume lead from paint, or toxins in dirt, even parasites. Now the question that’s on all our minds is what goes through these peoples minds when they continuously feed themselves things they know aren’t intended for consumption?
One example of a patient suffering from pica was a 33-year-old, African American woman admitted to the emergency room with vague abdominal complaints, increasing abdominal girth, weight gain, and episodic nausea and vomiting of several months' duration. Upon further examination it was concluded that these symptoms were a result of her unusual habit of eating dirt. Curiously enough the patient could never attribute her symptoms to this habit, and tried to blame them on other things. When asked about her cravings to eat dirt she recalled first trying dirt as a child, but said that soon after she had stopped because she was afraid of what her parents would do if they found out. Later on when she was 19 years old she had the first of two miscarriages. At this time she described how after the burial service she took a handful of dirt from the grave and ingested it. After the burial of her second stillborn she experienced other bouts of eating dirt as well as throughout other pregnancies. Later on when she had two young children she began instructing her children to gather soil from a neighbors flowerbed for her to eat, (although she never actually told them what the dirt was for).
When asked what about eating dirt appealed to her, she responded with a detailed description of what ingesting dirt was like for her. She said that she enjoyed grabbing a portion of dirt with the plastic pail her children had gathered it with, looking at it, smelling it, and feeling it in her hand, then finally shoving the whole handful into her mouth savoring the “gritty feeling” in her throat.



There are several different proposed causes of Pica. Some are more common than others, however there is no one specific cause because of its vague neurological roots. Some reasons why this disorder is thought to occur includes nutritional deficiencies triggering peculiar cravings, dieting which people eat non nutritional items in attempt to achieve fullness without calories, and also OCD disorder (obsessive compulsive disorder) and schizophrenia.
Pica, as well as many other bizarre mental disorders in modern times has a clear medical cause, but appears to be something out of witchcraft or magic in times of less scientific knowledge. Consider the symptoms of the people thought to be victims of witchcraft during the Salem which trials. A heavily researched theory is that a fungus called ergot, which sometimes infects rye grains, in fact triggered these symptoms of so called “witchcraft”. This fungus produces chemicals, which are very similar to LSD and cause vicious hallucinations and seizures. It’s strange medical phenomenon like this, as well as Pica and many other medical situations that are interpreted very differently depending on the amount of scientific and psychological knowledge available at that time.

Here are my sources...

http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/39/5/465

I trust this to be a good source because they are affiliated with many notable organizations such as the Academy Of Psychosomatic Medicine and American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/pica.html
This seemed like a trustworthy source because of how it is relatively well known it is, and how notable companies endorse it.

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html
The Smithsonian Institution is a well-known and reputable source and has been for a long time.

Robert Boyle and Alchemy

There can be no clearer representation of the fine line between magic and science than the comparison of alchemy and chemistry. Let’s face it, when you think of alchemy you think of a bunch of robed old men sitting around a table trying to make coal into gold. At a glance, it’s something that you would never compare to chemistry, working with delicate elements and substances; it’s sort of a potions class. But if one were to look deeper at the meaning of alchemy, a science that at the time much of the world was a mystery to it’s people, the gaps between these two fields becomes only smaller and smaller. Essentially, alchemy was the chemistry of the medieval and biblical ages.
First, let’s understand the alchemist’s thought process, and what better a place to start then their love of gold? Even today, gold is a valuable metal. In fact it’s the most ductile and malleable metal on the planet. Alchemists of the time considered gold to be the purest substance in the universe, only giving rise to its value. They believed that by exploring gold’s “purity”, they could in essence find the solution to make other metals pure, thus finding a method to create gold from anything. This is where old stories of men trying to make gold with the most mundane objects come in to play, which are all mostly fabrications. In truth, alchemists were exploring the mysteries of life, purely and simply, no different then what chemists do today. One alchemist who devoted most of his life to doing just that was Robert Boyle.
Robert Boyle was born on January 25th in the year 1627 and lived till the winter of 1691 (Hunter). While Boyle is most commonly thought of as a chemist, he was also a natural philosopher, physicist, alchemist and inventor (Hunter). He was also known for his theological writings (Hunter). Despite his philosophical and scientific pursuits, he was also very focused on alchemy (Hunter). Boyle was considered to be the first modern Chemist (Hunter).
Boyle was the 7th son of Richard Boyle, the first Earl of Cork. Robert was the favorite out of his siblings (Silver). Boyle’s father had a huge influence on the chemist’s life. He influenced Robert’s religious ideas, and gave his son special treatment throughout his affluent childhood until his death in 1643 (Hunter). Boyle grew up in the opulent atmosphere that his father provided while living in Lismore, a castle refurbished by his father to become a large manor (Silver).
In young adulthood Boyle attended Eton College. After three years there he traveled to Florence Italy with his French tutor to study the “paradoxes of the great star – gazer”, Galileo Galilei, who at the time was still living (Hunter). Boyle studied in Florence until 1644 (Hunter). After he returned to England where he acquired his father’s manor in Lismore, as well as the other properties his father had purchased during the Cromwellian War (Hunter). It was during this time that Boyle decided to focus solely on his intrigue with science. He pursued it by becoming a part of a group of people known as the Invisible Inquirers who regularly gathered at Gresham College as well as Oxford to discuss their innovative scientific pursuits (Silver).
In 1653 Boyle moved to Ireland to live on one of the estates passed down to him by his father (Silver). This did not last long however, because Boyle soon became frustrated with the Irish communities misunderstanding of his work. He called Ireland “a barbarous country where chemical spirits were so misunderstood and chemical instruments so unprocurable that it was hard to have any hermetic thought in it” (Silver). This caused him to leave for Oxford in 1654. There Boyle continued on a journey of scientific discovery and academia (Silver).
Robert Boyle is best known for the law he created having to do with the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of gas (Raymond). This is called Boyle’s law, something most people either learn of or hear about at some point during their academic career. Boyle is much more famously known as the father of chemistry, not the father of alchemy (Raymond). Aside from alchemy he also invested much of his time into theology (Kisby).
Boyle was thought of as a “free thinker”. Boyle was said to be a “lay preacher”, not literally as the term suggests, but more so through his writings about religion (Raymond). The main topic he focused on was “dogmatic theology” (Raymond). Dogmatic theology is the official theology recognized by an organized church body (Raymond). This “part of theology which treats the theoretical truths of faith concerning God and his work, whereas moral theology has for its subject matter the practical truths of morality” (Raymond). These are the issues that the church tried to resolve. These problems were faced with much debate. Boyle did not enjoy the many ceremonies that went along with religion, but was a regular at church. Raymond, the writer of Boyle, Christian Gentleman, sums of Boyle’s view of religion as “Christianity meant essentially the practice of holy living; its fruits, peace and charity” (Raymond).
Boyle also strived in life to “discover the nature and purpose of God” (Raymond). He thought the pursuit of this to be one of the most important things in life. He thought this was a contributing factor for why we made such great strides in chemistry and other fields. Besides writing some works that discussed religion, Boyle also helped finance translations of the New Testament into different languages. He did this so more people could learn about religion. He also “left funds for eight annual lectures in a London parish for proving the Christian religion against notorious infidels” (Raymond). Leaving money and giving your earnings to something like these two things was only seen when someone had true faith as money was not easy to come by in Boyle’s time. Boyle’s religion is something which has had much debate and cases sides to be taken, but the evidence of him being religious is much greater than him not being religious.
Some described Boyle as a Calvinist “Puritan at heart, and Anglican” (Woodall). This is just the opposite of what was revealed. Boyle was found to have had high regards to the Bible, which is noted in his writing. He refers to the Truth and uthority (sic) of the Scripture which atheists and antiscripturists (sic) allege to over throw (Woodall). Boyle was religious and the evidence is undisputable. This did not make him a hypocrite. It gave him many perspectives on life and ultimately helped him become the great success he was.
While he spent much of his time writing about religion, he also spent a majority of his time performing alchemical experiments. Much of his experiments were performed with the hopes of turning objects into silver or gold (Kisby). He believed the “transmutation” of metals was possible. He believed so strongly in this, that he managed to get the statute of King Henry the 6th against the multiplying of gold and silver repealed (Raymond). He also focused on the study of the expansive powers of freezing liquids, and the refractive powers of crystals, electricity, and color (Kisby). These alchemical discoveries lead him to come up with revolutionary ideas about the structure of matter. He was one of the first scientists to talk about atoms, particles, and how they moved and worked. He documented these findings and his beliefs in a book titled Dialogue on the Transmutation and Melioration of Metals (Kisby).
While his mostly traditional religious views seem to class with his scientific findings, he hoped to use these findings to somehow become more religious. He hoped that by studying alchemy he would be able to create the philosopher’s stone. He hoped that he could use this stone to communicate with angles and maybe even communicate with God. He also feared that the stone may be thought of as an object of the Devil, as it was “a shortcut the appeared to offer to an understanding of nature” (Kisby). To hide these thought from others he would write notes using a symbolic language that only he could decipher. In these notes he describes how to separate gold from silver and how to separate gold from copper (Kisby).
A majority of thinkers alive during Boyle’s time ignored his ideas. This was because they were alive during the Enlightenment, a time when rational observation was thought to be better than mystical ideas. Even up until the 1950’s alchemy was still thought of as full of too much mysticism and secrecy to be considered real science. Currently historians have come to realize that without Boyle’s alchemical findings and experimentation modern chemistry wouldn’t exist (Kisby).
So what is similar between the modern day chemistry and alchemy? For starters, chemistry is about the science of matter and some of the changes it undergoes. It is no different than alchemy, as alchemists too observed the changes of matter, only just through their eyes. Chemistry’s two key differences are the fact that chemists know about atoms and elements, and there was no necessity for the science. Alchemy came from a time where invisible plagues and sickness destroyed much of the population. As a direct result Chemistry was born, as scientists created potions and cures to combat the un – seeable germs. Alchemy was the predecessor of Chemistry. It formed the basis of the science behind the field and influenced many great thinkers of the day to pursue the scientific field. While not completely similar, Chemistry and Alchemy share a close bond.
For our exhibit piece we decided to recreate a typical alchemist’s work table. By looking at the table you will be able to see just how similar many of the instruments and tools used back then look similar to modern tools used in current chemistry.

Works Consulted

Abbri, Ferdinando. "Lawrence M. Principe (ed.), Chymists and Chymistry. Studies in the History of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry." Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy 47.1 (2009): 115-118. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.

"Alchemy & Chemistry Introduction." Library, The University of Sydney. Web. 13 Oct. 2010. http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/alchem.html.

“Dogmatic Theology.” Academia. Ru.Web. 15 October. 2010. http://en.academia. ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1886823.

"From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books." School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois, UC. Web. 13 Oct. 2010. http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/exhibit/.

Hunter, Michael Cyril William. Boyle: between God and Science. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.

Kisby, Fiona. What Was Alchemy and Why Was It Important to Robert Boyle. Lesson Plan. 2004. Web. Oct. 2010. .

Kohn, Livia, and Robin Wang. Internal Alchemy: Self, Society, and the Quest for Immortality. Magdalena, NM: Three Pines, 2009. Print.

Principe, Lawrence M., and Robert Boyle. The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ., 1998. Print.

Raymond J. Seeger, “Boyle, Christian Gentleman” in The Journal of American Scientific Affiliation, 37 (September 1985): 183-184 http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1985/JASA9-85Seeger.html.

Silver, Brian. The Ascent of Science, p. 114. Oxford University Press US, 2000. Print.

Snell, Meliss. "Alchemy - The Chemistry of the Middle Ages." Medieval History - Life in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Web. 13 Oct. 2010. .

“Timeline for Core Chemistry.”- Ambrose Video. Web. 13 Oct. 2010. .

Woodall, David L. “ The Relationship between Science and Scripture in the Thought of Robert Boyle.” The American Scientific Affiliation 49.32 (1997). Web. 13 October. 2010 .

A Negative Effect of Technology:

Although technology has countless positive sides, lately i have been aware of the personal disconnect that having everything at our finger tips at all times can sometimes lead to. The biggest thing that comes to mind concerning this issue is the widespread use texting as a means for communication. In recent years the media, scholars, and government authorities have made it quite apparent that cell phone technology has had a drastic affect on the World as we know it. While many argue that the effect is quite beneficial, there is much evidence which would lead one to believe that negatives of cell phone use (specifically texting) significantly outweigh the positives. Nevertheless, as with any argument, it is best in this case to equally consider both sides.
Surely, there is plenty of evidence in support of texting, such as being a way to stay connected to friends and family, and as a way to stay in the loop while making plans and managing a busy schedule, but the thing that concerns me is its impact on social integration.
I feel that texting is becoming not a convenient addition to communication, but is now used as an alternative that is taking the place of verbal, and even face-to-face interaction. While it often seems beneficial as a time saving tool, it is creating a sense of disconnection between persons. Now, instead of having a true conversation with a friend in which you can express a lot through inflection and the like, one might instead just send a few texts and never delve deeper into their thoughts or emotions because the conversation it perpetually stuck on a superficial level. Another negative effect I see it having on people, is how it takes you from being a fully present person participating fully in life and conversation, to being "elsewhere" because mentally you're somewhere else while texting, and thus you're missing out on lifes' full expirience.
Overall, i am certain that people are slowly forgetting how to interact verbally, and be fully present, which is an incredibly detrimental thing to lose.

Cartoon: by Alex Gregory, Published in The New Yorker 8/2/2010, retrieved online from cartoon bank.com 9/5/10